PSYCHOLOGY OF THE UNCONSCIOUS AND 
QUANTUM ASPECTS OF BRAIN ACTIVITY
Petr Bob

Abstract: Connections between the archetypes of the collective unconscious, psychic complexes and quantum states in brain are presented. Hypothesis about correlation of quantum states in brain with psychic complexes is formulated. Psychic complexes are composite consequences of archetypal projection. Archetypes emerges as ordering factors of fantasies. Probable connections between quantum processes in brain and synchronization of neural units on EEG are shown and possible testing of hypothesis is formulated. Some experiments and empirical data connected with this hypothesis are shown. Problem of repressed psychic complexes localization is also presented in connection with pathological formators which emerges as epileptic focuses.

1.Introduction
 C.G. Jung and W. Pauli directed on the problems and relationships between quantum physics and psychology. These ideas in context with contemporary neuroscience, physics and psychology shows as important for further discovery of nature and human being. Summary some connections is aim of this work.

2.Problem of Observation
In epilogue to  the work "On the Nature of the Psyche" (1), C.G. Jung says about complementarity relations between conscious and unconscious level of human being. He shows, that psychic processes on level inaccessible to the consciousness have a character of an objective reality. This objective reality is also subjective in its possibility of  awareness. For example repressed unconscious trauma is often possible factor of neurotic and psychotic diseases. Impact of these psychic complexes  often leads to the repeat of situations and relationships which have meaningful context with a nucleus of trauma. Analytical process has its aim in integration of psychic complexes by change of conscious  attitude to the unconscious conflict. Ordering factors have their impact on the objective level when conscious activity and fantasy is repressed. Ordering factor determines typical direct and course of unconscious psychic activity for example instinct (pattern of behaviour), typical order of fantasies (mythology, dreams). Mythological, clinical and generally cultural historical materials implicate some types of ordering factors of fantasies called as archetypes.  In human society archetypes  emerge as general  roles and typical relationships. For example hero, princess, mother, father, son, daughter etc. 
Analogical way of thinking is also in physical sciences. There is possible to formulate mathematical equations of physical events as laws of nature or  ordering factors of nature. In physics of microworld the situations is contradictory. In the realm of quantum physics is necessary speculate also about an influence of the observer on physical processes. Quantum processes are on principle different from those which are studied in the classical physics. E.P. Wigner (54) says: " ...  it was not possible to formulate the laws of  quantum mechanics in a fully consistent way without reference to the consciousness". W. Heisenberg (55): "The laws of nature which we formulate mathematically in quantum theory deal no longer with the particles themselves but with our knowledge of the elementary particles." Physical description of the world thus contains subjective factor, psychological dimension of reality, necessary for the theoretical interpretation of experimental data and for our knowledge about the world.  At first we have objective existence of psychic processes and secondly we have subjective dimension of physical processes. Observing of unconscious processes has an influence on the course of these processes by analogy as an influence of observer on the quantum state by measurement.
In letter of W. Pauli to C.G. Jung (1) Pauli writes about analogy between psychology and physics because gnoseological situation between terms conscious and unconscious is far-reaching analogical to complementarity in physics. At first unconscious can be observed only from ordering acts, secondly every conscious observation of unconscious affects unconscious contents. This is the reason why unconscious can not be emptied. An influence of conscious observation on unconscious can not be controlled. This is the reason of objective character of unconscious but possibility in which unconscious contents can be  contained in consciousness has subjective character. Unconscious is objective and subjective. Hence the existence of a cut between consciousness and unconsciousness is necessity. System which is observed is from psychological point of view combined not only from physical objects but also from unconscious contents while consciousness has a role of an observing instrument. Situation in quantum physics  looks like as that in psychology. Also it is not to possible exclude influence of observation. 

3.Archetypes and synchronicity
C.G. Jung shows objectivity of archetypes also in relation to the phenomena of synchronicity (1),(2). Synchronicity is defined as an acausal connecting principle between the events. Jung in (3) shows following kinds of synchronistic phenomena.
1.Coincidence of a psychic state of observer with contemporary, objective external event, which correspond to this psychic state or content. Between the psychic state and external event there is no causal connection.
2. Coincidence between psychic state and corresponding more or less contemporary event, which is outside  the observer sensations can be verified only later.
3. Coincidence of psychic state and an event in future which for the present not yet exists takes place in future and can not be verified the sooner. J.B. Rhine realized some experiments with extrasensory perceptions. Jung in (3) says that these experiments can be taken as statistical arguments about possible psychic relativity of space-time continuum according to the book by famous physicist Pascual Jordan (66). Jung also says that space-time definition of consciousness can be only one of the others aspects and that psyche not be necessary bind to the brain.
Synchronistic events are connected with archetypes of the collective unconscious. When autonomous psychic content (archetype) comes to the consciousness its synchronistic manifestations is stopped. On the other hand in unconscious states of archetypes the synchronistic manifestations can be evoked, as for example in dreams (3).

4.Space and Time in Quantum Physics and Relativity Theory
In Newton,s physics have space and time absolute character. In the relativity theory exist space-time continuum and shows classical space and time as a limit of the more general laws. General relativity implicates linear space and time violations. This leads to the jumps in space and in time. For example time machine can be theoretically constructed. This connections between the distant places in space and time are called wormholes. They are very small only 10-33m (nucleus of atom is about 10-15m). This proportion is called Planck,s length which is limiting, smallest size in our space (5),(6). This is uniting dimension of all things. In contemporary physics exist some works about the time machines, time travelling and travelling between the stars faster then light (7).
In quantum theory exist Newtonian space and time and is changed all the way only in relativistic quantum theory. Quantum theory but has its puzzle called as quantum nonlocality or inseparability. This means that quantum objects that have interacted are still (acausally) connected independently on the distance. At first it was referred as Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox, as the problem of correlation of  quantum systems on the distance (8). For example electron pair in quantum state has correlation of spin it,s electron particles. This was experimentally realized on the system of two photons (10). Mysterious example of nonlocality is "interaction free measurement". Coherent (quantum) beam of rays is divided on two beams which are separated in the space. In the path of second beam is the stone. When the second beam hits the stone even on the first beam we can see the image of the stone on eye retina. This is only schematic sketch. Details you can find in (11).

5.Wave Function and it,s Collapse
Quantum to classical transition is called as wave function collapse. Quantum theory describes fundamental laws of nature. It must reply the answer as classical world arises from the quantum world. In classic quantum theory is wave function collapse caused by "outside" factors, measurement, or influence of the observer. Wave function is a set of possibilities. Quantum world is the world of possibilities, contingencies. Collapse of the wave function is emergent to the being, from wave of possibilities, from possibility to the actuality. In new physics exist also spontaneous collapse of the wave function without the observer, which can be grasped as platonic ideas manifestations. Is there connections between the spontaneous psychic processes as archetypes manifestations and spontaneous collapses of the quantum states in brain and between archetypal projection and by influence of the observer on the quantum state  as influence  unconsciousness of experimentalist? 

6.Microworld and Gravitation mysteries
Has gravity any meaning in microworld, when we consider relation between gravitational and electrostatic forces? Is not fateful the neglecting of gravitation for the quantum mechanics in its classical form? We direct some problems this fundamental theme.
We have here the problem of  too many particles in quantum state. Let,s have a collection of particles in quantum state that has microscopic size. When will be added particles as long as collection will be macroscopic what becomes then? Mathematical solution is in (67). Conclusion is that initial pure wave function is spontaneously collapsed and are shown some connections with gravity. Later works are divided on stochastic models (68),(69). In (69) universal principle of reduction of macroscopic quantum fluctuations is postulated (quantum state reduction is the same term as the collapse). The second class of models studied gravity as an influence causing of wave function collapse (70),(71). In (72),(73) theories culminate. Unifying criterion is shown and also connections with older models. Theory is called as: Quantum mechanics with Universal Density Localisation. In (74) experimental testing of theories which consider the wave function collapse as a consequence of gravitational fluctuations is studied. When we simplify the problem we can say that collapse is caused by "spreading of forms" during the classical to quantum relationship (for example when are added the particles)- quantum classical wedding- which is consequence of macroscopic quantum states (macroscopic quantum superposition). The "spreading of forms" expresses  uncertainty of physical quantities. Macroscopic quantum fluctuations also correspond to fluctuations of space-time geometry (77). 

7.Quantum Mystery of Brain
In (16) Crick and Koch talk about the problem of consciousness and its scientific discovery. They see the probable necessity of radically new concept which will be modificate scientific thinking analogically as for example  quantum mechanics. The reason is that it seems neurons. hardly possible to resolve the problem of consciousness and mental events as being caused only by the firing of  large sets of neurons.
Among the problems which are not yet resolved by means of classical neurophysiological models  pertain the problem of visual information processing. Seeing of the object is represented by sets of excited neurons  which are distributed in the brain. They are not localised in the same place during the visual information processing. Experimentalists have not found one particular region in the brain where all the information needed for visual awareness would appear to come together. Such a hypothetical place was dubbed  "The Cartesian Theatre" (16). It was refered in (17) as "binding problem" and is shown that all perception and motor functions are established on distributed processes of neuronal firing without their convergency. Marshall in (18) shows that physical correlate of consciousness can not be a classical system but can be a quantum system in which are distributed processes in the brain nonlocaly connected during the information processing. F. Beck and J.C. Eccles (19)  show relation of brain activity to the consciousness as quantum tunnelling effect which has their influence on the process of neurotransmitter release. It corresponds with the experimental facts (56) that treat exocytosis of neurotransmitter as a process with probability less then one (about one from the six axonal depolarisations leads to the neurotransmitter release (exocytosis)).
In S. Hameroff,s and R. Penrose,s theory (20),(21),(22) is shown very interesting proposal about connections of  neurophysiological processes on subcellular level with quantum gravity as was outlined in sixth part of this article.

8.Quantum Gravity Theory of Consciousness   and its biological aspects
Dynamical behaviour of particle system depends on wave length of the particles and on the distance between them. When the wave length is less then the distance, particles behave as independent ones. When this wave length is higher than the distance between particles then they are nonlocally connected and their wave function are entangled (quantum entanglement) and they are in quantum coherent state. Wave length of the particle is dependent on the temperature and grows  when temperature declines. Such quantum coherent state is also called Bose-Einstein condensate in connection with behavior according to Bose-Einstein statistics. Bose-Einstein condensate is for example responsible for metallic superconductivity in the temperature 1.5-5K.  Lasers also produce Bose-Einstein condensate of photons. The first hind about the Bose-Einstein condensate in living organisms is from H. Fröhlich (36),(37),(38). Quantum coherent states in living organisms are induced among the proteins and also among electric dipoles in polarised membranes. Fröhlich considered that conformational transitions of proteins are caused by oscillations of electron in hydrophobic region of protein and that they can induce Bose-Einstein condensate. Other experimental facts on Fröhlich,s coherent excitations is in (39),(40),(41),(42).
Quantum coherent states of proteins are caused by quantum superposition of two different conformational states. Conformation of protein depends on position of electron in hydrophobic region. Two possible positions of electron correspond  to two possible conformations of protein. In quantum coherent state of proteins the electrons in hydrophobic regions of proteins are delocalized. There is a  loss of the difference between the conformational states. Proteins exist no more as units and are nonlocally connected in quantum state. In brain neurons there may exist quantum superposition of proteins of tubulin (dimer of alpha and beta tubulins). Tubulin has two conformational states (alpha state and beta state) which enter into to the superposition. Tubulins are subunits of microtubules. Tubulins are connected to little chains that are called protofilaments. Protofilaments form thin little tubes which are called microtubules. Microtubules are elements of cytoskeleton. Microtubules drive cellular division and transport they have an influence on cellular form and functions inclusive synaptic connections between neurons. They for all the time polymerize and depolymerize. The microtubules and their associated proteins (MAPs) together with other components of cytoskeleton form extensive nets. Every tubulin has closed hydrophobic region which is suitable for quantum effects. Biochemical energy is supplied to microtubules by phosphorylation of associated proteins and coupling GTP on tubulins. Some experimental studies show influence of cytoskeleton on sensation and cognitive functions (21). Also binding of anesthetics on microtubules show a connection between microtubules and consciousness. For example halucinogens which bind to the hydrophobic regions of neural proteins  makes impossible quantum effects (21),(43),(44). Was also shown (21), that conformational patterns represents informations. These conformational patterns of tubulin states behave as cellular automata which represented informational processes in cells inclusive regulation of synaptic functions in neurons (21). Quantum superposition becomes macroscopic for 109 or more tubulins in quantum coherent state (20),(21),(22). The life time of this quantum state from uncertainty relations (Et=h) is 500 ms or less (21). Libet shows  500ms (45) as the time for transition of unconscious psychic processes to the consciousness. For the time 500 ms the quantum state can be preserved by isolation mechanisms (47),(48),(49), for example crystallic water on microtubule surface. In the time 500 ms or less (depending on number of tubulins which has as a consequence the uncertainty in value of energy (E) caused by delocalisation) the macroscopic quantum system spontaneously collapses. Let |A> and |B> are the conformational states of tubulins  n is number of tubulins  in state |A> and k is number of tubulins in state |B> with a characteristic distribution on microtubule before the quantum superposition of states w|A>+z|B> (w,z are complex numbers). Spontaneous collapse is undeterminable, unpredictable and nonalgorithmic process which selects generally other conformational pattern than that before the superposition. When during information processing in microtubules is no spontaneous collapse then they are deterministic. Spontaneous collapse thus points on "free will" in information processing as a characteristic feature of consciousness.
 Macroscopic quantum superposition may be also shown in terms of space-time fluctuations and then  spontaneous collapse is self-selecting quantum gravity process in which system must choose a single universe state and decay (collapse) from the quantum to classical state (20),(21),(22),(77). Quantum physics thus corresponds to psychological processes on their fundamental level. In one neuron there is about 107 tubulins (21). The minimum number for spontaneous collapse and consciousness  is 100 neurons. Hundred or more neurons are nonlocally connected by quantum superposition of tubulin states and bind distributed information processing (binding problem). Collapse is nonlocal quantum effect which is running at the same time in all neurons whose tubulins are in superposed quantum state. As a consequence of this is either an inhibition or excitation of neurons which take part in the quantum state. Organised quantum exocytosis thus occurs and firing pattern is its consequence. Firing pattern represents for example a smile or a movement of hand. So it is the hypothetical process in which the mental order translates into the physiological action (51). Connections of microtubules and associated proteins with receptors and their influence on subsynaptic cytoskeleton are treated in (22),(24),(25),(26),(27),(28),(29),(30),(31). Coding and information processing may be found  in (22),(32),(33),(34),(35).

9.Quantum Synchronization of Neurons
It has been shown some reasons that leads to the hypothesis about connections of psychic processes with quantum theory. It is possible to suppose that synchronization of  neurons and neural networks is a consequence of quantum processes. It leads to the hypothesis which is shown in part ten of this article. Before the formulation of this hypothesis we will show some macro-EEG correlates of neural synchronization. The synchronization has its EEG correlate that is called phenomenon of wave which is a consequence  of synchronization of many neural units. The opposite case is the desynchronization when neurons work independently. It leads to the low EEG curve. Hypersynchronization is enhanced synchronization. It emerges with  rising of wave,s amplitudes. During the synchronization is the number of firing neurons which work at the same time smaller than that during the hypersynchronization. Extremaly high synchronization (hypersynchronization) occurs during the epileptic paroxysms and its graphoelements on macro-EEG are points or complexes point-wave.

10.Quantum Theory and Psychic Processes
Similarity between quantum world and unconscious psychic processes that was suggested by C.G. Jung and W. Pauli shows an important  connections with quantum brain processes. In (35) F. Beck writes: " In our work we presented one hypothesis (due to J.C. Eccles), showing how mental processes, such as for example intentions, could influence the brain. The important issue there was the assumption that selection of quantum amplitude out of a superposition of different states does not violate physical conservation laws, and by this allows the control of brain processes without interfering with the dynamics. This, in our opinion, is a crucial point as to why the quantum brain is different from the classical brain, where functioning is based on the deterministic and causal classical dynamics. In view of the fact that all this is very clearly expressed in chapters nine and ten of Eccles (1994) (76)”.
Now it is possible to show  how quantum brain processes are connected with psychic processes on levels of archetypes and psychic complexes:
1.Aspect of Regulation: Quantum brain performs functions that concern regulation and control of information processing. Archetypes act as ordering factor of fantasies.
2.Aspect of Complexity: Complex psychological processes (psychic complexes) and complementary physiological processes which are connected by quantum dynamics.
3.Aspect of nonlocality: Quantum brain processes are not classical systems. As quantum objects their description is possible only by quantum mechanics. When for example two quantum brains interacted they enter into the superposition. They may be assumed to be nonlocaly connected! This corresponds to synchronicity and to archetypes of the collective unconscious.
From this aspects can be deduced a following correlation hypothesis:
Evoked psychic complexes from the unconscious corresponds to quantum processes. Their consequences can be measured by EEG as synchronized activity of neurons.

11.Psychic Complexes and their Role in Schizophrenic Process
Psychic complexes are affective emotional nuclei of experiences. Their direction is contradictory to the conscious attitude. Sources of these complexes are conflicts and traumas. Their consequence is a repression of memory and psychic dissociation. The lower form of dissociation is neurosis. Higher one being psychosis. Complex that has a dominant role is identical with ego-complex. When affective unconscious complex dominates, the consciousness is weakened. The weakening of consciousness is present when psychic life is dissociated and also in dreams. In dreams psychic complexes are presented as symbols (persons, animals and things). Symbols originate from archetypal projections (58),(59). Weakening of consciousness in schizophrenia is also evident from decline of EEG alpha activity and from its retardation. Delta and theta waves grows. Waves of beta activity are also lower (60). Hallucinations arise when psychic complexes that are manifested to the consciousness are not distinguished from external sensations. On EEG during the hallucinations are present subcortical points (60). There are also manifested defects of REM sleep with a possibility to understand schizophrenia as "bursting" of  dream spending to the vigilant state (60). From this connections it is possible to see typical EEG abnormalities of schizophrenia as manifestations of unconscious complexes by quantum effects with a consequence of neural hypersynchronization (subcortical points).

12. Epilepsy and epileptosis
Epilepsy is very complex disease with many specific forms. Typical symptom is paroxysms (grand mal) in which a subject falls to the ground with muscular spasms and losing consciousness. There can be shown four stages: 
1. 	Prodrome state- pain of head, irritability etc. before the paroxysm. 
2. 	Aura- subjective feelings preceding an attack. 
3. 	Paroxysm. 
4. Postparoxysm stage.
Epileptoses are between psychosis and epilepsy. They connect typical epileptic symptoms with typical symptoms of psychosis. For example during an antiepileptic therapy epileptic EEG is improved but the psychotic symptoms become distinctive (63). In (62) is shown a model of mechanism of epileptic paroxysms. For the cortex is not possible the self-organization. It is organized by formators. They are little centres (nucleus) in a brain stem. Formator for vigility is  reticular ascendent system. Formators are diversified during the day and night. Formator acts as generator of signals into the cortex and organizes its activity.
 Epileptic focus is a site of the brain with hypersynchronized EEG at that time when EEG in other parts of brain is normal. During the paroxysm the epileptic hypersynchronization is on large regions of head or  on whole surface of head. Epileptic focus acts as pathological formator. It is a competitor of physiological formators. Pathological complex is also competitor of natural psychic complexes- archetypes - as centres of motivation. Psychic complexes are contents that act on consciousness and formators act on a cortex in which the consciousness is localized. Physiological formators correspond to archetypes and pathological ones to repressed traumas emerging as pathological psychic complexes. C.G. Jung in his work about schizophrenia shows localisation of psychic complexes  connected with a specific toxin which arises as a consequence  of excessive affect in near region of pathological complex. Associations which are connected with pathological complex are repressed on archaic level. Archetypes and their local correlates -physiological formators - from this point of view are innate tendencies to the repression some types of fantasies on instinct archaic level of consciousness and they behave as a pattern of behaviour. Some psychic contents probably can not be matters of free will and of conscious deciding. In (59) Jung also says about the case of epilepsy which  every prodromal stage contained a vision of archetypal form which is called quadratura circuli. Archetypal vision was also caused by electric excitation of brain stem. Quadratura circuli pertains to mandala symbols which are connected with the archetype projection of Self. Jung says that  he supposed a localisation of Self in brain stem. His argument was in universal ordering impact of the Self archetype. The same quality has reticular activation system formator (that activate cortex to the vigilance. This acts on level of consciousness which is necessary to promote the psychic contents to the ego-consciousness. Other archetypes probably correspond to other formators of brain stem. This connections consist in the fact that probably every state of consciousness is related to the formators-brain stem nuclei (62).

13.Conclusion
To interesting experiments pertain also high alpha wave of sharp form arising as reaction on very painful or on rather delicate answers (64). There are also is interesting connections between EEG hypersynchronization and hyperventilation in relation to the holotropic therapy of S. Grof (65) which is used for evoking of the repressed contents or of archetypes of the collective unconscious.
The main aim of this article is  mind-body interconnections and also some philosophical approach to the meaning of human being.

 References:
(1) C.G. Jung, On the Nature of the Psyche, The structure and dynamics of the psyche, Collected Works of C.G. Jung  8, Princeton University Press 1960,Teoretické úvahy o podstatě duševna ,Výbor z díla II,Tomáš Janeček, Brno1997
(2) C.G. Jung, W. Pauli, Naturerklärung und psyche, Rascher 1952, Contribution of C.G. Jung in this book is Synchronicity : An Acausal Connecting principle, The structure and dynamics of the psyche, Collected Works of C.G. Jung  8, Princeton University Press 1960, Contribution of W. Pauli is about influence of archetypes in theories of Kepler, Fyzičeskije očerki, Mir, Moskva, (In Russian)
(3) C.G. Jung, On Synchronicity, The structure and dynamics of the psyche, Collected Works of C.G. Jung  8, Princeton University Press 1960, O synchronicitě, Výbor z díla II, Tomáš Janeček, 
Brno1997
(4) C.G. Jung, The Soul and Death, The structure and dynamics of the psyche, Collected Works of C.G. Jung  8, Princeton University Press 1960, Duše moderního člověka, Atlantis, Brno1994
(5) K.S. Thorne, Black Holes and Time Warps, Norton, New York 1994
(6) J.D. Barrow, Theories of Everything, Oxford University Press 1991, Teorie všeho, Mladá fronta, Praha 1996
(7) K.S. Thorne et al., Phys. Rev. D 43, 3929 (1991), Phys. Rev. Letters 61,1446 (1988)
(8) J.A. Wheeler, W.H. Zurek, Quantum Theory and Measurement, Princeton University Press 1983, J. Pišůt, Úvod do kvantovej mechaniky, Alfa, Bratislava 1983
(9) O.M. Bilaniuk, E.C.G. Sudarshan, Particles Beyond the Light Barier, Physics Today 43,  May (1969)
(10) A. Aspect, P. Grangier, Experiments on Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-type correlations with pairs visible photons, In Quantum Concepts in Space and Time (ed. R. Penrose and C.J.Isham), Oxford University Press 1986
(11)P. Kwiat et al., Quantum Seeing in the Dark, Scientific American, November 1996
(12) F. Karolyhazy, Gravitation and Quantum Mechanics of Macroscopic Objects, Nuovo Cimento 42, 2, 1506 (1966)
(13)L. Diosy, B. Lukacs, In Favor of a Newtonian Quantum Gravity, Annalen der Physik 7,488 (1987)
(14)G.C. Ghirardi, R. Grassi, A. Rimini, Continuous-spontaneous-reduction model involving gravity, Phys.Rev. A 42 ,1057 (1986)
(15) R. Penrose, On Gravity,s Role in Quantum State Reduction, General Relativity and Gravitation, Vol. 28, No 5 (1995)
(16) F. Crick, Ch. Koch, The Problem of Consciousness, Scientific American, September  (1992)
(17)  W. Singer, Synchronization of Cortical Activity and its Putative Role in Information Procesing and Learning, Annu. Rev. Physiol.55, 349-74 (1993)
(18) I.N. Marshall, Consciousness and Bose-Einstein Condensates, New Ideas in Psychol., Vol 7,No. 1, 73-83 (1989)
(19) F. Beck, J.C. Eccles, Quantum Aspects of Brain Activity and the Role of Consciousness, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol.89, 11357-11361,December (1992), Biophysics, 
(20) S.R. Hameroff, R. Penrose, Orchestrated Reduction of Quantum Coherence in Brain Microtubules: A Model for Consciousness, Neural Network World, 5,793 (1995)
(21) S.R. Hameroff, R. Penrose, Orchestrated Reduction  of Quantum Coherence in Brain Microtubules: A model of Consciousness, in Toward a Science of Consciousness,ed. S. Hameroff, A. Kaszniak, MIT Press, Cambridge 1996
(22) R. Penrose, S.R. Hameroff, What "Gaps"? Reply to Grush and Churchland, Journal of Consciousness Studies,2,No 2, 98-111 (1995)
(23) C.G. Jung, The Soul and Death, The structure and dynamics of the psyche, Collected Works of C.G. Jung  8, Princeton University Press 1960, Duše a smrt, Duše moderního člověka, Atlantis, Brno1994
(24) in (22)
(25) S. Halpain, P. Greengard, Activation of NMDA receptors induces rapid dephosphorylation of the cytoskeletal MAP-2, Neuron,5, 237-46 (1990)
(26) C. Aoki, P. Siekevitz, Ontogenic changes in the cyclic adenosine31, 51monophosphate-stimulatable phosphorylation of cat visual cortex proteins, particularly of  microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP 2): effects of normal and dark rearing and of the exposure to light, J. Neurosci., 5, 2465-83 (1985)
(27) N.J. Woolf et al., Pavlovian conditioning alters cortical microtubule-associated protein-2, NeuroReport,5, 1045-8 (1994)
(28) W.E. Theurkauf, R.B. Vallee, Extensive cAMP-dependent and cAMP-independent phosphorylation of microtubule associated protein2, J. Biol. Chem., 258, 7883-6 (1983)
(29) D. Bigot, S.P. Hunt, Effect of excitatory amino acids on microtubule-associated proteins in culturedcortical and spinal neurons, Neurosci. Lett., 111, 275-80 (1990)
(30) P. Friedrich, Protein structure: the primary substrate for memory, Neurosci., 35, 1-7 (1990)
(31) N. Hirokawa, Molecular architecture and dynamics of the neuronal cytoskeleton, in The Neuronal Cytoskeleton, ed. R.D. Burgoyne New York: Wiley-Liss, 5-74 (1991)
(32) P. Vassilev et al., Intermembrane linkage mediated by tubulin, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 126,559-65 (1985) 
(33) J.Atema, Microtubule theory of sensory transduction, J.Theor. Biol.,38,181-90, (1973)
(34) L.E. Roth, D.J. Pihlaja, Gradionation: hypothesis for positioning and paterning, J.Protozoology,24(1),2-9 (1977)
(35) S.R. Hameroff, R.C. Watt, Do anesthetic act by altering electron mobility?, Anesth. Analg., 62, 936-40 (1983)
(36) H. Fröhlich,Long range coherence and energy storage in biological systems, Int. J Quantum Chem.2, 641-9 (1968)
(37) H. Fröhlich, Long range coherence and the actions of enzymes, Nature, 228, 1093 (1970)
(38) H. Fröhlich, The extraordinary dielectric properties of biological materials and the actions of enzymes, Proc. Natl. Sci. USA 72, 4211-5 (1975)
(39) L. Genberg et al., Direct Observation of global protein motion in hemoglobin and myoglobin on picosecond time scales, Science 251, 1051-4 (1991)
(40)  W. Grundler, F. Keilmann, Sharp resonances in yeast growth prove nonthermal sensitivity to microwaves, Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 1214-6 (1983)
(41) C. Neubauer et al. Microwave irradiation of rats at 2,45 gHz activates pinocytotic-loke uptake of tracer by capillary endothelial cells of cerebral cortex, Bioelectromagnetism 11,261-8 (1990)
(42) L. Genzel et al., Relaxation processes on a picosecond time scale in hemoglobin and poly observed by milimeter-wave spectroscopy, Biopolymers 22,(1976)
(43) S. Hameroff, Quantum Coherence in Microtubules: A Neural Basis for Emergent Consciousness?, Vol.1, No.1 (1994) 
(44) S.R. Hameroff, D. Louria, Computer Simulation of Anesthetic Binding in Protein Hydrophobic Pockets, in Toward a Science of Consciousness,ed. S.Hameroff, A. Kaszniak, MIT Press, Cambridge 1996
(45) B. Libet et al., Subjective refferal of the timing for a conscious sensory experience, Brain, 102, 193-224 (1979)  
(46) C. Koch, Towards the neuronal substrate of visual consciousness, in Toward a Science  of Consciousness,ed. S.Hameroff, A. Kaszniak, MIT Press, Cambridge 1996
(47) M. Jibu et al., Quantum optical coherence  in cytoskeletal microtubules: Implications for brain functions, BioSystems 32,195-209 (1994) (48) J.S. Clegg, Intracelular water , metabolism and cell architecture, in Coherent excitations in biological systems, ed. H. Fröhlich,F. Kremer, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1983
(49) in (21)
(50) M. Jibu et al., Subcellular quantum optical coherence: Implications for consciousness, in Toward a Science of Consciousness,ed. S.Hameroff, A. Kaszniak, MIT Press, Cambridge 1996
(51) D.V. Nanopoulos, Theory of Brain Quantum mechanics and superstrings, http://www.hia.com/hia/pcr/
(52) J. Faber, Elektroencefalografie, Universita Karlova, Praha 1992
(53) H. Atmanspacher, The Hiden Side of  Wolfgang Pauli: An Eminent Physicist Extraordinary Encounter with Depth Psychology, J. of Consciousness Studies, 3 (1996)
(54) E.P. Wigner, Remarks on the Mind Body Problem, in Quantum Theory and Measurement, ed. J.A. Wheeler, W.H. Zurek, Princeton University Press 1983
(55) W. Heisenberg, Daedalus,87,99 (1958)
(56) H. Everet, "Relative state" formulation of quantum mechanics, Reviews of Modern Physics, 29, 454 (1957)
(57) F. Beck, Quantum Mechanics and Consciousness, Journal of Consciousness Studies 1, No 2,Winter, 253-5 (1994)
(58) C.G.Jung, A Review of the Complex Theory, The structure and dynamics of the psyche, Collected Works of C.G. Jung  8, Princeton University Press 1960, Výbor z díla I, Obecné pojednání k teorii komplexu, T. Janeček, Brno 1997
(59) C.G. Jung, Schizophrenia, The Psychogenesis of Mental Disease, Collected Works of C.G. Jung 3, Princeton University Press,Výbor z díla I, Schizofrenie, T Janeček, Brno 1997
(60) J. Libiger, Schizofrenie, Psychiatrické centrum Praha 1991, J.A. Grabb, D.R. Weinberger, J.M. Morihisa, Electroencephalogram and evoked potential studies of schizophrenia, in Handbook of schizophrenia vol. 1, The neurology of schizophrenia, Eds. H.A. Nasralah, D.R. Weinberger, Amsterodam Elsevier 1986,  
(61) J. Dobiáš, Psychiatrie, Avicenum, Praha 1984
(62) J. Faber, V. Vladyka, Epileptosis, Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol.,90,1994,22P, J. Faber et al.,Epileptóza-syndrom limbické léze, Čs. Psychiat. 91, No.6,327-351, (1995)
(63)  J. Faber, V. Vladyka, Epileptogenesis and Psychogenesis, antithesis or synthesis?, Acta Univ. Carol. Med., 34, 1987, 245-312,  J. Faber, Epilepsie a epileptózy, Maxdorf-Jesenius, Praha 1995
(64) J. Berkhout et al., Alteration of the human electroencefalogram induced by stressful verbal activity, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 27, 457-469 (1969)      
(65) 	S. Grof, The Adventure of Self-Discovery, StateUniversity of New York 1988, Dobrodružství sebeobjevování, Gema 89, Praha 1992  
(66) 	  P. Jordan, Positivische Bemerkungen ber die Paraphysichen Erscheinungen, in: Zentralblatt fr Psychoterapie, IX, Leipzig 1936, pp.14
(67) F. Karolyhazy, Gravitation and Quantum Mechanics of Macroscopic Objects, Nuovo Cimento, XLII A, N 2, 390 (1966) 
(68) P. Pearle, Reduction of the state vector by a nonlinear Schrödinger equation, Physical Review D 13, 857 (1976)
(69) G.C. Ghirardi, A. Rimini, T. Weber, Unified dynamics for microscopic and macroscopic systems, Phys. Rev. D 34,471 (1986) 
(70) L. Diosy, Gravitation and quantum mechanical localization of macro-objects, Physics Letters 105 A, 199 (1984)  
(71) L. Diosy, B. Lukacs, In Favor of Newtonian Quantum Gravity, Annalen der Physik 7, band 44, 488 (1987). L. Diosy, A Universal Master Equation for the Gravitational Violation of Quantum Mechanics, Physics Letters A 120, 377  (1987). 
(72) 	L. Diosy, Models for universal reduction of macroscopic quantum fluctuations, Phys. Rev. A 40,1165,(1989)
(73) G.C. Ghirardi, R. Grassi, A. Rimini, Continuous-spontaneous-reduction model involving gravity, Phys. Rev. A 42, 1057 (1990).
(74) P. Pearle, E. Squires, Bound State Excitations, Nucleon Decay Experiments, and Models  of Wave Function Collapse, Phys. Rev. Letters 73, 1 (1994) )
(75) R. Penrose, On Gravity,s Role in Quantum State Reduction, General Relativity and Gravitation, vol. 28, 581 (1996)
(76) J.C. Eccles, How the Self Controls its Brain, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1994